[連載][新聞]The History of Nudism

[還空]

天體的歷史
Since the beginning of man, we have been naked and also intrigued by the human body and the different representations it may have. Many argue that the true origin of social nudism came from Adam and Eve. Although only two people participated, then covering up in shame wouldn't put it in either in the "social" or "nudist" categories. The true foundations of nude recreation and social nudism started in Ancient Egypt under Pharaoh Akhen-Aton (1385 - 1353 B.C.). It was during these times that students in Greece exercised and received their education in the nude. Also, most athletes played in the nude including the early Olympic Games in Greece. It is this proof that might lead one to assume that the Greeks and Romans lived in a clothing optional society. That utopia like nudist accepting society came to an end in 393 A.D. when a Christian emperor banned the Olympic Games because he thought they were Pagan in nature.
自有人類歷史以來，我們就擁有自然的與困惑的不同方式呈現裸體，大家都在爭論著，最初原始的社會天體，應該是亞當與夏娃。然而只有二人參與，加上羞卻的情懷籠罩其間，就不能歸類為「社交」或「天體」。確實的天體休閒組織及社交方式，應該始於古埃及，約在紀元前Pharaoh Akhen-Aton (1385 - 1353 B.C.)的時期，在此期間，希臘的學生體育活動及受教都是以裸體的方式教學也包含早期希臘的奧林匹克運動會，大多數的運動員都是以裸體的方式進行。也於此有據可證明，我們可推測古希臘及羅馬人的生活，是屬於一個選擇性的穿衣或裸體的社會。此烏托邦接受裸體社交直到A.D.393年劃下句點，當時一位基督徒帝王禁止奧林匹克比賽，因為他認為非基督教徒才會天體。

In the 16th Century, Puritans believed nudity was so immoral, that they didn't bathe because they believe it promoted nudity. The Victorian Era was not any more accepting to nudity. In these times it was common to cover a person's legs, a piano's legs, even a chair's legs in order to prevent sexual arousal. Bathing suits at this time also covered nearly the entire body of both men and women, so going all the way from the wrists to the ankles and up to the mid neck. It wasn't until the Renaissance period that nudity was truly accepted again. In these times nudity was seen as a form of art. Benjamin Franklin and Henry David Thoreau helped the public come to terms with nudity. Thoreau had daily naked walks which he called "air baths".
在16世紀時清教徒相信裸體是違反道德的，他們也因此不洗澡，因為洗澡是促成裸露行為的，在維多利亞女王時代，不再接受任何的裸露，在此時期，將人們的腿包裹起來是相當正常的，一部鋼琴的腳，甚至一張椅子的腳都必須包裹起來， 以便圍堵對性愛的激發。沐浴袍在此時期也幾乎將男人，女人的整個身體給包起來，也順勢從手脕到腳踝，然後一直到頸部中間都要包裹起來。直到文藝復興時期，裸體才再度被接受，在此期間裸體被視為藝術的一種形式Benjamin Franklin 與 Henry David Thoreau這二位，協助大眾體驗裸體的形式，Thoreau有每天裸體步行的習慣，他稱之為乾洗。

The first domestic swimsuit designed for "decency" appeared in 1830. Featuring red and white horizontal stripes from ankle to wrist, it was named, appropriately, the "prison suit". It was in the 20th Century when social nudism really became organized. Organized naturism at this time was called Freikorperkultur (Free Body Culture) in Germany. German sociologist Neinrich Pudor, sometimes referred to as the "father of nudism", wrote "The Cult of the Nude" promoting naturism. Shortly after, in 1903, Freilichtpark (Free Light Park) was the first know nudist park to be opened. Founder Paul Zimmerman opened the park near Hamburg, Germany, and was the first owner of an official nudist camp.
於1820年，第一件國內泳裝以「端裝服飾」的姿態設計出來問世。從腳踝到手腕， 賦予紅白相間的條紋，也被命名為「犯人服裝」。在20世紀當裸體社交被真正的組織化，在此時期的德國，組織天體被稱之為Freikorperkultur (自由身體文化)。 德國社會學家Neinrich Pudor有時被稱之為「天體之父」，寫下「天體狂熱者」藉以推動天體活動。稍後，於1903年Freilichtpark (自由小型公園)也被視為最早期開放的天體公園。創建者Paul Zimmerman將此公園開在靠近德國漢堡附近，他是第一位官方認可的正式天體營的經營者。

In 1929 the flow of German immigrants and tourists began bringing the roots and ideals of the naturist lifestyle to America. It was their representation of the nude body that truly opened the American public's eyes to wholesome nudity without shame. Kurt Barthel, a German immigrant, founded the American League for Physical Culture. Another key figure is Reverend Ilsley Boone, who is viewed as the first nudist leader in the United States.
在1929年，德國移民及觀光客將此天體生活形態的想法及根基帶入美國。這種裸體的表現，著實讓美國公眾大開眼界，也帶給美國人健康無穢的正確觀念。Kurt Barthel──一位德國移民，創建了美國身體文化聯盟，令一項重要指標被人尊敬的是Ilsley Boone──被視為第一位的美國天體領袖。

The first nudist magazine, Gymnos, started print in 1921. On Labor Day in 1929, Kurt Barthel met with 3 other couples in Peekskill, New York and began American Social Nudism. Just a couple of months later, the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC) was founded on December 7, 1929. The ALPC held their first meeting in a New York gym. In just a few months the ALPC had over 50 members and also had a landed club in Spring Valley. Mason and Frances Merrill often visited the New York facilities and began working on a new book title "Among the Nudists" which was released in 1931. Also in 1931, Reverend Ilsley Boone was elected Vice President of the ALPC and also nicknamed "The Dictator". Boone had big plans to build an American Camp like Kleinberg in Bavaria, but there, more drama in the world of commercial nudism would begin.
第一本天體雜誌的印刷，Gymnos創始於1921年。在1929年的勞工節，Kurt Bathel於紐約的Peekskill遇到了另外三對夫妻，開啟了美國社交型態天體活動， 在幾個月之後，美國身體文化聯盟 (ALPC) 建立於1929年7月，紐約的一處健身房舉行了他們的第一次會議。只是幾個月的時間，ALPC就招募了50位會員，也在Spring Valley有了一座俱樂部。Mason與Frances Merrill經常拜訪紐約的各處天體設施，也開始致力書寫一本書，名為《何謂天體》，並於1931年出版，也是1931年，Ilsley Boone被遴選為ALPC的副總裁，也被暱稱為「獨裁者」， Boone有許多大型計劃來建造一處像德國Bavaria, Kleinbeg這種規模的美國天體營，但是，此間在商業的天體活動中開始了一連串的戲劇性變化。

In the winter of 1931 the ALPC met at their rented New York gym and were raided by the police and charged with public indecency. On December 9, 1931 the New York Court of General Sessions dismissed the case saying their exposure was neither public or indecent. The publicity caused by this case was a big step forward for the nudist movement and it also laid the groundwork for public nudity cases to come.
在1931年的冬天，ALPC租到了他們位於紐約的健身房，遭到了警方的突襲，被以公眾猥褻罪起訴。在1931年12月9日，紐約最高法院不受理此案件，並說明此案的暴露行為，既不是公眾罪，也不是猥褻行為。由於這次事件，也讓天體活動更加出名，也因此更向前邁進了一大步，也將公眾天體的根基奠定得更為深厚。

Boone was back on the prowl again looking for land in the New York area to purchase for possible construction of a landed camp. He eventually found land nearly 120 miles from New York. The other board members thought the property was too far for most to travel due to the depression and high costs of travel. The majority voted to jointly purchase a camp in Skyfarm and established the club May 15, 1932. Boone was extremely disappointed in the decision of the other board members and left the ALPC. Shortly thereafter he founded the International Nudist Conference (INC) and published the first illustrated nudist magazine, The Nudist, in 1933. The Nudist was a successful magazine that could be found at newsstands across the nation.
Boone又潛回了紐約區去找尋土地，想購買建造一處天體營的可能性。他終於找到了一處位於紐約120英哩的土地，另一位董事會員則認為此地產的位置太遠，會造成旅遊成本過高而令人望之怯步，大多數成員投票通過合資購買一處位於Skyfarm的營地，於1932年5月15日建立了該俱樂部。其他董事會員的此舉決定，令Boone極度的失望，他也就因此黯然的離開了ALPC，之後，他創建了國際天體論壇(INC)，而且於1933年，出版了第一本完全介紹天體的雜誌， 名為《天體》(The Nudist)。 The Nudist是一本相當成功的雜誌，可輕易的在全國的書報攤找到。

Written by
Corey Mangold
President of the International Naturists Association

[晴天]

看到 還空 貼的這編文章，非常感慨
台灣甚至中國的天體愛好者，為什麼沒有人站出來

有沒有人可成為台灣或中國的Boone呢？